finally a conclusion is drawn that modem shanghai urban public transportation was developed in the background of semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, and of interaction among various social forces and interest subjects.

built upon the explorations and disputes of several generations of scholars, the field has established the 110 years of semi-colonialism and semi-feudalism in chinese history as its object of research.

在几代学者探索、争鸣的基础上，确立了以半殖民地半封建社会大约110年的中国历史作为中国近代史学科的研究对象。

however, in china, the enlightenment campaigns, in a strict sense, appeared after the opium war and became the motive power of the semi-colonial, semi-feudal society.

而在中国，真正意义上的启蒙运动则兴起于鸦片战争之后，它以民族救亡为主题，以思想解放为形式，成为中国半殖民地半封建社会发展的重要动力。

the former mainly concentrated on the independence of the nation and liberation of the people in the semi-feudal and semi-colonial society, and how to construct and strengthen socialism;

前者思考的主题是在半殖民地半封建社会里如何获得民族独立和人民解放，如何建立和巩固社会主义制度；

however, as marriage customs were fixed by nature and china was a half colonial and half feudal society, these changes were uneven, limited and lagged behind.

又因婚俗文化固有的稳定性和中国半殖民地半封建社会的社会性质，婚俗变迁也表现出滞后性、不平衡性和局限性等特点。

xinmin thinking came into being when capitalism developed rapidly in the world and china gradually reduced to a semi-colonial semi-feudal society.

新民思想产生于世界资本主义迅速发展、中国逐渐沦为半殖民地半封建社会的时代背景之下。

china went through the transition from feudal society to semi-colonial and semi-feudal society in qing dynasty. while during this transition, very great change had taken place in city management too.

清代经历了从封建社会到半殖民地半封建社会的转变，城市管理在这一转变中也随之发生了很大的变化，城市消防管理就有明显的体现。

as the leader of china's peiyang fleet, ding ru-chang plays a very important role in the sino-japanese war ( 1894-1895).

在甲午海战中，丁汝昌作为中国海军参战部队北洋舰队的统帅，其作用无疑十分重要。

the solemn bullet-ridden war remains tell of the sad history of the sino-japanese war.

弹痕累累的战争遗迹，悲壮而凝重，向人们讲述中日甲午海战的悲壮历史。

commissioning of electric vehicle insulation detecting equipment was finished in laboratory, and installed on beijing electric bus no. 121, relevant experiment data all meet with requirement stipulated in contract.

本论文研制的电动汽车绝缘性能检测装置完成了实验室的调试实验，并在北京121路示范运营电动公交车上进行了安装实验，各项实验数据均达到了课题合同的要求，运行状况平稳可靠。

firstly the status of ev investigation and development is introduced in this thesis, and the primary targets of research on traction system of electric bus are established.

本论文首先简要介绍了电动汽车的研究和发展现状，明确了电动公交车牵引系统设计的总体目标。

electric automobile: electric passenger cars, electric buses, electric cars, hybrid electric vehicles, electric cleaning vehicles, etc.

电动汽车：电动客车、电动公交车、电动轿车、混合动力汽车、电动清洁车等；

on the basis of this, the main works achieved in this paper are as follows: ( 1) the general block diagram of traction system used in electric bus is designed, then, the functions and their relationship of the main assembling parts are presented briefly.

在此基础上，本文完成的主要工作如下：（1）设计了电动公交车牵引系统的总体结构图，并对其中各主要组成部分在牵引系统中发挥的功能和相互之间的联系进行了简要论述。

accordance with the relevant national standards, the models were carried on the power performance and urban cycle condition simulation in maximizing braking energy recovery and achieving the best braking performance, under the premise in order to improve vehicle dynamic performance and extend vehicle driving range.

按照有关国家标准，进行电动公交车的加速爬坡和循环工况仿真，在提高电动公交车整车动力性能和延长续驶里程的前提下，以制动能量回收最大化和制动效能达到最佳为目标。

according to the characteristics of the electric bus scheduling, introduced simulated annealing algorithm into the basic genetic algorithm, set up the adaptive fitness function, and the improved genetic operator, and by using the improved genetic algorithm to solve the electric bus scheduling problem.

根据电动公交车调度的特点，在基本遗传算法中引入模拟退火算法的思想，设置自适应适应度函数，并对遗传算子进行了改进，并运用改进的遗传算法来解决电动公交车调度问题。

the method put forward could be helpful to understand in more depth the energy consumption characteristics of the electric bus and serve as a guide to the matching of parameters for electric bus.

该分析方法有助于深入了解和分析电动公交车的能耗特性，并指导电动公交车的参数匹配性研究。

this paper studies the pure electric bus traction control system and control strategy for induction motor for traction motor, the pure electric bus uses a rotor field oriented vector control technology.

文章研究了纯电动公交车的牵引控制系统和控制策略，以感应电机为牵引电机的纯电动公交车采用了以转子磁场定向的矢量控制技术。

with a completely new body and systems, and an innovative lithium titanate battery, the ecoride has been out in front of the rest of the us bus industry.

该公司生产的EcoRide电动公交车，车身和车辆系统与传统公交车截然不同，配备了突破传统的钛酸锂电池，走在了美国公交车制造业的前沿。

and the simulation of a bus line driving conditions, the test of pure electric bus in the line acceleration, climbing ability, mileage and capacity utilization rate.

并模拟某一线路公交车的行驶情况，测试纯电动公交车在该线路的加速性能、爬坡能力、续驶里程和能力回收利用率。

all test data show that the hybrid power assembly controller can control the hybrid electric bus effectively and the control strategy is workable.

试验数据证明该动力总成控制器能够有效的对串联式混合动力电动公交车的动力总成进行控制，其控制策略被认为是有效的。

simulation analysis on the vector control strategy of pure electric bus starting, accelerating, climbing and idle running condition of traction characteristics.

仿真分析了在矢量控制策略下纯电动公交车的起动、加速、爬坡和惰行状况下的牵引特性。